Urology and Sexual Diseases Surgery

Urology is a medical specialty that focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of disorders related to the female and male urinary tract as well as the male reproductive system. Organs such as the kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra, testicles, penis, scrotum, and prostate gland are all managed under urological care.

Diagnostic Methods in Urology

1. Laboratory Examinations

Blood and urine tests are essential in diagnosing urological diseases. These tests help detect abnormalities and guide the treatment process. Common laboratory tests include:

• Sperm analysis
• Tumor marker screening
• Bacterial and viral scans
• Protein and enzyme testing

Additional tissue samples may also be taken to detect related conditions.

2. Ultrasound Imaging (USG)

Ultrasound is a safe, non-invasive imaging method used extensively in urology. Types of ultrasound used:

• Urinary USG: Used to visualize the kidneys, bladder, and urinary tract.
• Doppler USG: Examines blood vessels in the urinary system and tumors.
• Transrectal USG (TRUS): Detects prostate-related conditions such as enlargement and cancer.

3. Uroflowmetry (Urine Flow Test)

Uroflowmetry measures urine flow rate and duration, particularly in patients with voiding difficulties. The bladder must be full before the test. The device records urine flow as the patient empties their bladder.

4. Computed Tomography (CT)

CT scans create cross-sectional images using X-rays. They are useful for detecting:

• Kidney, ureter, and bladder stones
• Urinary system tumors
• Reproductive organ abnormalities and trauma

Note: CT is not recommended for pregnant women due to radiation exposure.

5. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

MRI uses magnetic fields and radio waves to create detailed images without radiation. It is preferred for evaluating:

• Prostate cancer and enlargement
• Urinary tract and reproductive organ diseases

Patients should avoid metal objects during the procedure due to the strong magnetic field.

6. Voiding Cystourethrography (VSUG)

VSUG is an X-ray imaging technique where contrast material is introduced into the bladder to observe urine flow. It is especially helpful in diagnosing:

• Vesicoureteral reflux (urine backflow)
• Urinary tract anomalies in children and adults

Ensure no metal is worn during the test to avoid image distortion.

7. Urodynamics

Urodynamic testing evaluates how well the bladder and urethra store and release urine. It is commonly used to assess:

• Urinary incontinence
• Post-treatment complications of prostate diseases
• Symptoms like frequent urination and difficulty in voiding

8. PSA Test (Prostate-Specific Antigen)

PSA is an enzyme that affects semen fluidity and is produced by the prostate. Elevated PSA levels in the blood can indicate:

• Prostate inflammation
• Prostate enlargement
• Prostate cancer

PSA testing is simple and can be performed any time of the day without fasting. It is a crucial tool in early detection of prostate diseases.